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Glossary


EVISA is providing a list of terms used in the area of speciation and fractionation analysis. Since speciation analysis is a field of analytical chemistry that is specified by a pronounced interdisciplinary cooperation between different sciences such as biochemistry, medicine, biology, environmental sciences, nutritional sciences and material sciences its terminology is a complex mixture of terms used in all these.

You may search for a term or browse the glossary alphabetically.

(In case that you cannot find the term you may consult more special glossaries or handbooks about nomenclature. For more details please consult EVISA's Link pages related to terminology,





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Ebselen
Ebselen or 2-phenyl-1, 2-benzisoselenazol-3(2H)-one (also called PZ 51 or DR3305), is a mimic of glutathione peroxidase and can also react with peroxynitrite. It is being investigated as a possible treatment for reperfusion injury and stroke, as well as tinnitus.

Ebselen is a potent scavenger of hydrogen peroxide as well as hydroperoxides including membrane bound phospholipid and cholesterylester hydroperoxides.


Chemical formula: C13H9NOSe
Molecular mass: 274.17666
CAS-Number: 60940-34-3

Echelette
A single scribed groove on a diffraction grating.

Echelle
A diffraction grating designed to operate with incident and diffracted light at an angle greater than 45° from the grating normal.

Ecotoxicology
Ecotoxicology is a research field that explores how exposure to a toxicant negatively affects single organisms, populations, communities, and ecosystems.

EDX
Energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis (sometimes also known as EDS: Energy-dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy and EDAX.)

effluent
The material that is coming from a chromatographic separation. Can also be the waste outfall from industries. Also is the term for sewage (sewage effluent).

electric sector
The electric sector is a device constructed of curved,  parallel metal plates that creates an electrostatic field  perpendicular to the ion path. The sector (or analyzer) selects  and focuses ions of the same kinetic energy. The electric  sector does not separate ions according to mass or charge,  and therefore is always used in conjunction with a magnetic  analyzer, often in a double-focusing mass spectrometer. The  electric sector is also sometimes called an electrostatic sector  or electrostatic analyzer.

electrical double layer
- the distribution of solution ions at a charged surface.

electro-osmosis
Electro-osmosis is the motion of a liquid through a membrane (or plug or capillary) as a consequence of the application of an electric field across the membrane

electroanalytical chemistry
The application of electrochemical cells and electrochemical techniques for chemical analysis. The analyte is dissolved in the electrolyte of the cell, and one can perform either "qualitative" analysis (determination of the type of constituents present) or "quantitative" analysis (determination of the amount of a given constituent).

electrodeposition
Electrodeposition (which includes electro-crystallization) is the deposition of dissolved or suspended material by an electric field on an electrode.

electrolyte
- a substance that separates into ions when in solution and therefore becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute.

electron attachment
Electron attachment is a process in which an electron of thermal energy is added to an atom or molecule (M) to form a stable ion (M- ). The molecule must have a positive electron  affinity (for example, be electrophoric). Thermal electrons are required so as not to cause dissociation of the molecular ion.

electron capture detector (ECD)
A device that responds to decreases in an electrical current as the analyte passes through a plasma.
In ECD, a detector ionizes solutes by collision with metastable carrier-gas molecules produced by ß-emission from a radioactive source such as 63Ni. The electron-capture detector is one of the most sensitive detectors, and it responds strongly to halogenated solutes and others with high electroncapture cross-sections.

electron ionization (EI)
Electron impact ionization or as currently preferred electron ionization represents the classical method of ion generation in mass spectrometry. The analyte is introduced into the evacuated ion source (<10-6 mbar) and subsequently ionized by collisions with energetic electrons (routine 70 eV) generated by thermal emission from a heated filament.

electron multiplier
An electron multiplier is a detection device inside the vacuum of the mass spectrometer that converts the arrivals of ions at its front dynodes into a detectable, amplified electron current at the back lead of the device. The overall gain (signal out/signal in) can be as high as 104–108. Positive ions exiting  from the mass analyzer impact the first dynode surface, and the impact causes the release of several electrons, which are then accelerated through a potential to the next electrode. There, each electron impact causes the release of several secondary electrons, which are accelerated into the next dynode for a repetition of the impact–release process. A cascade of electrons is produced, generating a current that is further amplified and then sampled by an analog-to-digital converter  to be recorded by the data system.

electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy
A form of molecular spectroscopy concerned with microwave-induced transitions between magnetic energy levels of electrons having a net spin and orbital angular momentum. The spectrum is normally obtained by magnetic field scanning. Also known as electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy or electron magnetic resonance (EMR) spectroscopy.

The frequency (ν) of the oscillating magnetic field to induce transitions between the magnetic energy levels of electrons is measured in gigahertz (GHz) or megahertz (MHz). The following band designations are used: L (1.1 GHz), S (3.0 GHz) , X (9.5 GHz), K (22.0 GHz) and Q (35.0 GHz). The static magnetic field at which the EPR spectrometer operates is measured by the magnetic flux density (B) and its recommended unit is the tesla (T). In the absence of nuclear hyperfine interactions, B and  are related by : h ν = g µBB where h is the Planck constant, µB is the Bohr magneton, and the dimensionless scalar g is called the g-factor. When the paramagnetic species exhibits an anisotropy, the spatial dependency of the g-factor is represented by a 3x3 matrix. The interaction energy between the electron spin and a magnetic nucleus is characterized by the hyperfine coupling constant A. When the paramagnetic species has anisotropy, the hyperfine coupling is expressed by a 3x3 matrix called a hyperfine coupling matrix. Hyperfine interaction usually results in splitting of lines in an EPR spectrum. The nuclear species giving rise to the hyperfine interaction should be explicitly stated, e.g."the hyperfine splitting due to 65Cu". When additional hyperfine splittings due to other nuclearspecies are resolved ("superhyperfine"), the nomenclature should include the designation of the nucleus, and the isotopic number


electron probe microanalysis
EPMA (EMPA) is an analytical technique used to determine the chemical nature of extremely small samples by forming the X-ray spectrum of the sample through excitation by a finely focused electron beam.

electroosmotic flow
- the bulk flow of liquid in CE. It is the motion of a liquid relative to a fixed charged surface caused by an electric field.

electropherogram
- the data output from CE; a plot of detector response against migration time.

electrophoresis
Electrophoresis is based on the migration of charged molecules in solution in response to an electric field. Their rate of migration depends on the strength of the field; on the nett charge, size and shape of the molecules and also on the ionic strength, viscosity and temperature of the medium in which the molecules are moving. As an analytical tool, electrophoresis is simple, rapid and highly sensitive. It is used analytically to study the properties of a single charged species, and as a separation technique.

electrophoretic mobility
- the factor that determines the rate at which a given ionic solute may move by electrophoresis.

electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI MS)
A mass spectrometric technique for liquid samples that involves preparing electrically charged droplets from analyte molecules dissolved in a solvent. The electrically charged droplets enter a vacuum chamber where the solvent is evaporated. Evaporation of solvent reduces the droplet size, thereby increasing the coulombic repulsion within the droplet. As the charged droplets get smaller, the excess charge within them causes them to disintegrate and release analyte molecules. The volatilized analyte molecules are then analyzed by mass spectrometry. 

electrospray needle
An electrospray needle is the narrow bore tube from which highly charged droplets are emitted in the electrospray proces.

electrostatic binding
A chemical bond of two atoms or molecules by an electrostatic force (like static electricity) caused by one or more electrons moving from one atom to the other.

electrothermal atomizer
An electrothermal atomizer is a device which is heated, to the temperature required for analyte atomization, by the passage of electrical current through its body. This technique has largely been developed for use in atomic absorption spectrometry for which the terms electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry, electrothermal AAS and the abbreviation ETAAS are defined. It has also been applied in atomic emission and atomic fluorescence spectrometry, with appropriate analogous terms, such as electrothermal atomic emission spectrometry (ETAES) and electrothermal atomic fluorescence spectrometry (ETAFS), being defined.

source: IUPAC Analytical Compendium, Chapter 10

electrothermal vaporizer
An electrothermal vaporizer (ETV) is a device which is heated, to the temperature required for analyte vaporization, by the passage of electrical current through its body. The ETV is used as a sample introduction device for liquid and solid samples into a spectroscopic excitation or ionization source such as a flame or plasma discharge. The combined technique allows for the independent control of the vaporization parameters and the atomization/ionization parameters. Combined techniques often used are: ETV-ICP-AES, ETV-ICP-MS, ETV-MIP-AES

element
One of the 103 known chemical substances that cannot be broken down further without changing its chemical properties. Some examples include arsenic, cadmium, lead and mercury.

elemental analysis (EA)
Elemental analysis is a process used to evaluate a variety of organic materials for carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfor content.

elemental mass spectrometry
In elemental mass spectrometry, a technique used mostly for inorganic materials, the elemental composition of a sample is determined rather than the structural identities of its chemical constituents. Elemental mass spectrometry provides quantitative information about the concentrations of those elements. The ion source used in elemental MS is ordinarily an atmospheric-pressure discharge such as the inductively coupled plasma (ICP) or a moderate-power device such as the glow-discharge source. In either case, the decomposition of the sample into its constituent atoms and ionization of those atoms occurs in a specially designed source. The resulting atomic-ion beam is then separated or sorted by a mass spectrometer and the signal as a function of m/z used to determine the sample composition.

elemental mercury
Hg. Mercury in its elemental (pure) form, that is, as a metal; hence the synonym metallic mercury. A shiny, silver-gray metal that is a liquid at room temperature.
Elemental mercury has many uses and is for instance found in thermometers, barometers, dental amalgams, batteries, fluorescent lights and some electrical switches. It is rarely found in nature.

eluate
Combination of mobile phase and solute exiting the column; also called effluent.

eluent
The liquid or gas entering the chromatographic bed and used to effect a separation by elution.

elution chromatography
A procedure in which the mobile phase is continuously passed through or along the chromatographic bed and the sample is fed into the system as a finite slug

emulsification
A process that creates a stable mixture of two liquids that normally would not mix together (such as oil and water) by forcing one to disperse in the other as droplets.

enantiomer
One of two indistinguishable forms of a compound that differ only in the orientation in space; a stereoisomer.

endogenous
Originating internally. In the description of metal ion coordination in metalloproteins, endogenous refers to internal, or protein-derived, ligands.

enloplatin
Enloplatin is a platinum metallodrug developed for cancer therapy.
 
Chemical Synonyms   (1,1-cyclobutanedicarboxylato(2-)-O,O')(tetrahydro-4H-pyran- 4,4-dimethanamine-N,N') platinum(II)
CL 287110, CL-287110
 
CAS Registry No.   111523-41-2


enteral nutrition
Enteral nutrition refers to any method of feeding that uses the gastrointestinal (GI) tract to deliver nutrition and calories. It can include a normal oral diet, the use of liquid supplements or delivery by use of a tube (tube feeding).

environmental media
Soil, water, air, biota (plants and animals), or any other parts of the environment that can contain contaminants.

environmental monitoring
Continuous or repeated measurement of agents in the environment to evaluate environmetal exposure and possible damage by comparison with appropriate reference values based on knowlege of the probable relationship between ambient exposure and resultant adverse effects.

enzymatic digestion
The digestion of a peptide, protein, or mixtures of peptides  and/or proteins with an enzyme such as trypsin,  chymotrypsin, pepsin, endoproteinase Glu-C,  endoproteinase Lys-C and endoproteinase Asp-N.  This is a key step in many proteomics analyses.

enzyme
A macromolecule that functions as a biocatalyst by increasing the reaction rate, frequently containing or requiring one or more metal ions. In general, an enzyme catalyzes only one reaction type (reaction specificity) and operates on only a narrow range of substrates (substrate specificity). Substrate molecules are attacked at the same site (regiospecificity) and only one or preferentially one of the enantiomers of chiral substrate or of racemic mixtures is attacked (enantiospecificity).

enzyme induction
Process whereby an enzyme is synthesized in response to the presence of a specific substance or to other agents such as heat or a metal.

enzymes
Proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions by causing or speeding up reactions without being changed in the process themselves.

EOX
Abbreviation for "Extractable Organohalogens". The fraction of AOX which is extractable by a non-polar organic solvent. This fraction contains the relatively lipophilic (fat-soluble) organic compounds. EOX gives a better indication of the amount of organic halogens susceptible to lipophilic absorption. It often represents about one tenth of the AOX measured.

EPA
United States Environmental Protection Agency.

Epidemiology
The study of the causes, distributions, and management of diseases within human populations.

ETAAS
Electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry : A type of atomic absorption spectrometry where the sample is atomised using a probe which is rapidly heated by passing a current through it. The  probe often is either a graphite tube or a tungsten coil.

ethylation
introduction of an ethyl group into a compound

see also: alkylation


ethylmercury
C2H5Hg+. Ethylmercury is a cation that forms organic mercury compounds such as ethylmercury chloride and ethylmercury urea. Thimerosal is also an ethylmercury salt: sodium ethylmercuric thiosalicylate. The term 'ethylmercury' is sometimes used as a generic term to describe ethylmercury compounds.

European Commission Scientific Committee on Toxicity, Ecotoxicity and the Environment
The Scientific Committee on Toxicity, Ecotoxicity and the Environment (CSTEE) was created by the European Commission to address "scientific and technical questions relating to examination of the toxicity and ecotoxicity of chemical, biochemical and biological compounds whose use may have harmful consequences for human health and the environment." (Source: CSTEE website )

European Food Safety Authority
"Following a series of food scares in the 1990s (eg BSE, dioxins…) which undermined consumer confidence in the safety of the food chain, the European Union concluded that it needed to establish a new scientific body charged with providing independent and objective advice on food safety issues associated with the food chain. Its primary objective as set out in the White Paper on Food Safety would be to: “…contribute to a high level of consumer health protection in the area of food safety, through which consumer confidence can be restored and maintained.” The result was the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA).

Set up provisionally in Brussels in 2002, EFSA provides independent scientific advice on all matters linked to food and feed safety - including animal health and welfare and plant protection - and provides scientific advice on nutrition in relation to Community legislation. The Authority communicates to the public in an open and transparent way on all matters within its remit. EFSA’s risk assessments provide risk managers (consisting of EU institutions with political accountability, i.e. European Commission, European Parliament and Council) with a sound scientific basis for defining policy driven legislative or regulatory measures required to ensure a high level of consumer protection with regards to food safety." (Source: EFSA website )


even-electron ion
An even-electron ion contains no unpaired electrons; for example, CH3+.
 

exogenous
Originating externally. In the context of metalloprotein ligands, exogenous describes ligands added from an external source, such as CO or O2.

expanded uncertainty
Quantity defining an interval about the result of a measurement that may be expected to encompass a large fraction of the distribution of values that could reasonably be attributed to the measurand.

exposure
Contact with a substance by swallowing, breathing, or touching the skin or eyes. Exposure may be short-term [acute exposure], of intermediate duration, or long-term [chronic exposure].


exposure assessment
The process of finding out how people come into contact with a hazardous substance, how often and for how long they are in contact with the substance, and how much of the substance they are in contact with.

Source: ATSDR  Glossary of Terms

exposure pathway
The route a substance takes from its source (where it began) to its end point (where it ends), and how people can come into contact with (or get exposed to) it. An exposure pathway has five parts: a source of contamination (such as an abandoned business); an environmental media and transport mechanism (such as movement through groundwater); a point of exposure (such as a private well); a route of exposure (eating, drinking, breathing, or touching), and a receptor population (people potentially or actually exposed). When all five parts are present, the exposure pathway is termed a completed exposure pathway.
Source: ATSDR  Glossary of Terms

exposure-dose reconstruction
A method of estimating the amount of people's past exposure to hazardous substances. Computer and approximation methods are used when past information is limited, not available, or missing.
Source: ATSDR  Glossary of Terms

extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS)
Part of an X-ray absorption spectrum that is used to identify the coordination of atoms, estimate bond lengths, and determine the adsorption complexes on the surfaces of adsorbents. EXAFS spectra may provide useful information on the speciation (valence state), surface complexes, and the coordination of the target atom (compare with X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectra, and X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (XAFS)).

EXtension TOXicology NETwork
"The EXTension TOXicology NETwork (EXTOXNET) is an effort of University of California, Davis, Oregon State University, Michigan State University, Cornell University, and the University of Idaho.

Some of the goals of EXTOXNET are to stimulate dialog on toxicology issues, develop and make available information relevant to extension toxicology, and facilitate the exchange of toxicology-related information in electronic form, accessible to all with access to the Internet.

The EXTOXNET InfoBase is accessible via the World Wide Web (WWW)." (Source: EXTOXNET website )


external standard
A measurand, usually identical with the analyte, which is analysed separately from the sample.

extracted ion chromatogram
An extracted ion chromatogram is a plot of the signal intensity at one or more selected m/z values in a series of mass spectra that are recorded as a function of chromatographic retention tim.

extracted ion profile
An extracted ion profile is the plot of signal intensity observed at one or more selected m/z values in a series of mass spectra that are recorded as a function of time. Examples are extracted ion chromatogram, extracted ion electropherogram, flow injection analysis or any other time-dependent samplin.

extraction
The removal of a soluble material from a solid mixture by means of a solvent or the removal of one or more components from a liquid mixture by use of a solvent with which the liquid is immiscible or nearly so.

extraction ratio
Amount of substance extracted from a source divided by the total contained within the source.










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